關(guān)于【SAT語(yǔ)法】的一切!SAT語(yǔ)法固定搭配、常考題型、語(yǔ)法體系、考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)等……立思辰留學(xué)360老師在這里教您SAT語(yǔ)法葵花寶典十招(大家見(jiàn)招拆招吧)
v1、選項(xiàng)中含有 having/being 的 95%是錯(cuò)的
SAT中沒(méi)有being that表原因的用法,也沒(méi)有my being late 等這么awkward的用法,能用being的只有1.表示進(jìn)行被動(dòng);2在介詞后 i strolled at night alone at the risk of being raped.!!
v2、在 SAT 語(yǔ)法中 there be 句型表示自然存在的,原文中有 there be70%是錯(cuò)的
v3、平行形式 A, B and C 中一定是 and 連接,而不是 as well as
v4、動(dòng)詞優(yōu)于形容詞優(yōu)于抽象名詞
v5、主動(dòng)優(yōu)于被動(dòng),連詞優(yōu)于介詞
v6、介詞加 which 優(yōu)于 where(which 前是什么介詞不考)
v7、賓語(yǔ)從句 that 不省
v8、this/that 在SAT中指代整句話(huà)絕對(duì)是錯(cuò)誤的
v9、沒(méi)有 do it / them / that 只有 do so
v10、表示是否只能用 whether , 不使用 if 和 whether ~ or not
SAT語(yǔ)法49題出錯(cuò)控制在3個(gè)以下,一個(gè)是習(xí)慣用法,一個(gè)是no error(大家可千萬(wàn)別沒(méi)有勇氣下手,這個(gè)概率可是每套卷子都有2-5個(gè)左右),下面是歷年及OG上的一些習(xí)慣用法,大家平常在做練習(xí)的時(shí)候也多積累一些吧!
· a number of = many(后面動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù))
· associate A with B 把 A 和 B 聯(lián)系起來(lái) be associated with
· at a (great)distance
· attempt to do sth = in an attempt to do sth
· attribute sth to; be attributed to
· be absorbed in 致力于
· be essible/inessible to
· be ustomed to 習(xí)慣于
· be committed to / commit oneself to / commit one’s life to 致力于
· be compared to/with be inconsistent / consistent with 與……不一致/ 與……一致 be dedicated to doing 致力于
· be exposed to 暴露于 be familiar to/with
· be responsible for (doing) sth
· be similar to be subjected to
· cause/lead/enable/force/order/allow/permit/expect/persuade sb to do
· sth
· consist of 由……組成
· differ from = be different from…
· draw on/upon excel at doing 擅長(zhǎng)于
· for the most part
· have impact on = have influence on
· have/take interest in
· in particular
· in the hope of doing sth = hope to do sth
· make contribution to = contribute to
· prefer A to B
· prohibit./prevent/keep sb from doing sth
· protect.... from
· regard/view/consider.... as....(常用被動(dòng):be regarded as…)
· result from / in....seed in doing sth = manage to do sth
· take ...into ount/consideration 考慮到……
· take advantage of 利用take offense at .... 因....發(fā)怒
· take pride in…=be proud of.... 以....為自豪
· tend to / have a tendency to do....有……的趨勢(shì)
·
· Use sth to do
· Threat to
· Manage to
· Be capable of
· In the hope of
· On the verge of
· consistent with
· Opposite to/of
· Arrive in/at
· Preupation with
· Comply with
· Afflict with
· Prevent from
· Deter from
· Keep from
· Have a tendency to do
· Far away from
· Far from
· Be particular about挑剔/in 特別
·
然后給大家分享一下?嫉降闹R(shí)體系,希望語(yǔ)法部分盡量拿滿(mǎn)分。
一、?颊Z(yǔ)法體系(挑錯(cuò)題 Identifying Sentence Errors)
1.主謂一致(Subject verb agreement)。
尤其是用于倒裝時(shí),比如there be句型或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)至于句首的倒裝情況,一定要找到真正的主語(yǔ)。通常一套writing里總會(huì)有一個(gè)倒裝句,并多為動(dòng)詞部分出錯(cuò)。
有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),要勇敢的拋棄非中心部分,找到中心的主語(yǔ)。
主謂一致還會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些固定用法中,但一般比較簡(jiǎn)單,比如a number of + noun(復(fù)) vs. the number of + noun(單), 面包黃油,刀叉等等。
就近原則:there be句型, not only..., but also...; neither..., nor...; either..., or...
特殊名詞:“人群牛群警察群”單數(shù)名詞作復(fù)數(shù)。(people, cattle, police)
文學(xué)性的總稱(chēng)都是不可數(shù)名詞。E.g. literature; poetry; prose.
2.平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallel structure)。
注意and, or和but的用法。As well as是用于連接兩個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外尤其注意,在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,中心一定是同類(lèi)相比較。
A, B, and/or C形式的正確用法是,A, B, C可以是單詞或短語(yǔ),并且一定都是同一形式的,如都是名詞,或都是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。
3.形容詞副詞(adjective & adverb)
?伎键c(diǎn):形容詞副詞的混用及他們的比較級(jí)最高級(jí)。
Adj只可以修飾名詞,adv則可修飾除名詞外的大部分詞。er和more都可以表示比較級(jí),但二者不可同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。
比較級(jí)和than要同存同亡(必須一起出現(xiàn))。
另外,副詞不可以連接兩個(gè)并列的句子,例如whereby。
Tips: 形容詞的應(yīng)用范圍不如副詞廣,通常比較容易是出錯(cuò)的地方。
4.邏輯主語(yǔ)(logic subject)
當(dāng)分詞或者形容詞放在句首,一定要考慮它的主語(yǔ)問(wèn)題。這種情況下,主語(yǔ)通常是人而不是物,而且是發(fā)出句首分詞描述的動(dòng)作的那一個(gè)。
句型:Ving/Ved, S + V + O
特殊句型:when/while/as + adj, S + V + O
這個(gè)特殊句型是when/while/as + S + be + adj, S + V + O的簡(jiǎn)略形式。但只有當(dāng)一個(gè)句子滿(mǎn)足以下條件時(shí)才可以省略從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
條件:a. 主句和從句用的是同一套主謂。
b. 從句中有be動(dòng)詞。
E.g. When she was young, she killed many men. (她年輕的時(shí)候迷死了很多男人)可以省略為When young, she killed many men.
5. 名詞和代詞(pronoun & noun)?伎键c(diǎn):名詞單復(fù)數(shù)混淆;男女混淆;主格賓格混淆(賓格用于動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
也會(huì)在their, it和they之間指代不明。(在后面修改句子的筆記中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明;挑錯(cuò)題一般只考單復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng),很少考到指代不明。)
關(guān)于指代,跨段之間不能指代;it不能指代整個(gè)句子,只能指代一個(gè)名詞或動(dòng)作;one和they之間,one和you之間都不可以相互指代。
另外,this不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),一定要有其他的名詞和它在一起。
反身代詞(oneself)不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。
常用指示代詞:which, that, who, whom, whose
其中that不可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(即逗號(hào)后的定語(yǔ)從句),并且只有當(dāng)that在從句里作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),that才可以被省略。
E.g. This is the café that we always go to. 這句話(huà)中that是go to的賓語(yǔ),所以可以省略為 This is the café we always go to.
6. 時(shí)態(tài)(tense)?伎键c(diǎn):時(shí)態(tài)的混用,多為過(guò)去完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的混用,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的混用。Common mistake: have + 過(guò)去式(應(yīng)為過(guò)去分詞)
7. 固定搭配(這個(gè)就需要平時(shí)的積累了,上面已經(jīng)提供不少了)。如果一個(gè)題有一項(xiàng)是在固定搭配的詞組下劃線(xiàn),并且沒(méi)有錯(cuò),那么一般這個(gè)句子就沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。
三、修改句子(Improving Sentences)1.修改句子的第一原則就是永遠(yuǎn)不能改變?cè)涞囊馑,結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)系。
原文中沒(méi)有的單詞(尤其是表示轉(zhuǎn)折、因果的關(guān)系詞),在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了,就是改變句意及關(guān)系了;同理,原文中已有的關(guān)系,在選項(xiàng)中被省略了,也是改變了句意。
如果原句是復(fù)合句(即主句+從句),選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單句或并列句(兩個(gè)平行的句子),就是改變?cè)涞慕Y(jié)構(gòu)了。
2.簡(jiǎn)潔原則。
表示原因的時(shí)候,because永遠(yuǎn)是最簡(jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)方式,比because of簡(jiǎn)潔。
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)簡(jiǎn)潔。
直接表達(dá)比間接更為簡(jiǎn)潔。E.g. there be < it is
動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)比名詞短語(yǔ)更為簡(jiǎn)潔。E.g. doing sth > one’s doing sth
doing sth > the doing of sth
3.逗號(hào)永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)連接兩個(gè)并列的句子。
正確修改方法:在逗號(hào)后面加連接詞或?qū)⒍禾?hào)改為分號(hào)。
錯(cuò)誤修改方式:逗號(hào)后加介詞或副詞。
4.邏輯主語(yǔ):同挑錯(cuò)題的語(yǔ)法。
5.含有having和being的選項(xiàng)一定不選(不簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)方式)。
6.時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)(同挑錯(cuò)題語(yǔ)法)。
7.名次及代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)(同挑錯(cuò)題語(yǔ)法)。
8.平行結(jié)構(gòu)(同挑錯(cuò)題語(yǔ)法):
A, B, and /or C (平行結(jié)構(gòu),A,B,C必須是同一個(gè)形式的單詞或短語(yǔ))
同類(lèi)相比較:e.g. I swim better than him(he does).
The population of China is larger than that of the U.S.
9.固定短語(yǔ)。
比較常見(jiàn)到的有:had just/hardly.... , when....
just as... , so....
so much... as.... , not any more....
10.同位語(yǔ)。
N1, N2 + V + O
只有當(dāng)N1和N2 呈同位語(yǔ)時(shí)(簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō),即N1和N2指的其實(shí)是同一個(gè)subject),上面的句子才正確。
E.g. My grammar teacher (N1), LNN (N2), is a pretty lady.
11.雷區(qū)——代詞劃線(xiàn),指代不明(重點(diǎn))。
指代明確的條件:they和it都只能指代之錢(qián)的唯一一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)名詞,并且符合結(jié)構(gòu)指代,即主語(yǔ)指代主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)指代賓語(yǔ)。
當(dāng)修改句子的題目中代詞部分被劃線(xiàn)而且判斷出是指代不明,只選擇不含任何同樣代詞的句子。
任何代詞都不能指代一個(gè)句子,只能指代一個(gè)句子成分。
跨段之間不能指代。
一個(gè)句子里如果有兩個(gè)或以上的同樣的代詞,這些代詞必須指代的是同一個(gè)成分。
This不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
One和you/they不能互相指代。
12.插入語(yǔ)。
S,插入語(yǔ),V + O.
這個(gè)句型里的V一定是單獨(dú)的動(dòng)詞(和時(shí)態(tài)及主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)),不可以用Ving/代詞+V/which + V.
E.g. Usually most students of this college, from faculty of science to faculty of arts, have opportunities to go abroad for exchange programs.
13.當(dāng)句首出現(xiàn)as/like/of N1, 后面的主語(yǔ)N2要和前面as/like/of之后的名詞呈同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系。
E.g. As a responsible teacher (N1), Mr. Lee (N2) always prepares his lesson carefully before hand.
14.標(biāo)點(diǎn)
除了經(jīng)常遇到的逗號(hào)的問(wèn)題之外,破折號(hào)和冒號(hào)有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)。并且通常含有這兩個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的選項(xiàng)都是錯(cuò)誤的。
15.指示代詞。
結(jié)構(gòu)指代:S1+ V1 + O1. S2 + V2 +O2. 兩句之間必須是主語(yǔ)指代主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)指代賓語(yǔ)。
S + V + O, which/who........ 有逗號(hào)的是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,從句指代距離最近的名詞(賓語(yǔ))的中心詞。(that不可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句)
E.g. I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher who has always been very nice to me. (限定性定語(yǔ)從句,從句修飾的是my math teacher)
I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher, who has always been very nice to me. (非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,從句修飾的是the daughter)
16.當(dāng)句首出現(xiàn)the reason,選項(xiàng)里含有be that的就是正確的。
當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)the reason that .... , 語(yǔ)義等于because,選項(xiàng)中含有because的就是正確的。
17.Who, whom, which, what之后的從句只能是殘缺的(缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))。
E.g. He is the one who broke the world record recently. (缺少主語(yǔ))
This album is what we are looking for. (缺少賓語(yǔ))
18.動(dòng)詞不定式(to + 動(dòng)詞原形)出現(xiàn)在句首和句中都表示將來(lái)或目的。如果原文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)不定式,選項(xiàng)中含有不定式的都是錯(cuò)誤的。
19.當(dāng)表示“是否”時(shí),whether比if用到的范圍要廣。當(dāng)whether和if同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí),選擇有whether的而不選if。
Whether.... or not是正確的,而if..... or not是不正確的。
General Tips:
1.語(yǔ)法部分時(shí)間安排:修改句子(8分鐘)+ 挑錯(cuò)題(9分鐘)+ 修改文章(6分鐘)+ 涂卡,檢查(2分鐘)
2.having和being出現(xiàn)在句中都是錯(cuò)誤的,但放在句首可能是正確的。
3.挑錯(cuò)題中alike, until, unless劃線(xiàn)的選項(xiàng)一般不考慮(這幾的詞的用法在SAT語(yǔ)法考試中通常不會(huì)出錯(cuò))。
4.關(guān)于挑錯(cuò)題中的E選項(xiàng)(no error)。
考生通常不敢輕易選E。其實(shí)選E的題目多數(shù)時(shí)候是在考固定搭配,如果固定搭配沒(méi)有錯(cuò),通常整個(gè)句子都沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。
5. 文章修改(Improving Paragraphs)中的題型一共有3大類(lèi),分別是處置一個(gè)句子(reproduce a single sentence),合并句子(reproduce two sentences)和主旨題。如同閱讀一樣,主旨題要放在最后去做。處置一個(gè)句子的題目中,一個(gè)句子只有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,并且不用考慮選項(xiàng)中的修改是否正確,只需要看選項(xiàng)修改的是不是原句中真正出錯(cuò)的位置。只要正確地挑出錯(cuò)誤,就是正確答案。合并句子一般都是在兩句中間添加關(guān)系詞或連接詞,使它變成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句。
6.跨段之間不能指代,每段的開(kāi)頭絕不可以用代詞開(kāi)頭。
狀語(yǔ)從句整理: 主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類(lèi),分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類(lèi)較多,但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn),F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果園) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.注意時(shí)態(tài)
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.沒(méi)先行詞,所以是狀語(yǔ)從句,不是定語(yǔ)從句
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:because, since, as, since
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that因?yàn)? now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and sessful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that, in order that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 目的狀從和表結(jié)果的并列句或者結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句特別容易混淆,目的是主觀,一般未發(fā)生,結(jié)果是客觀事實(shí),是已發(fā)生的。
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
An earl rebel in Lundon so that the message rode the house to tell the king.錯(cuò),應(yīng)用so,沒(méi)有that
6. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:if, unless, 重點(diǎn)考虛擬語(yǔ)氣,第十部分講解
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly seed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引導(dǎo)詞: as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝),while ( 一般用在句首,反之不一定 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
盡管我很尊敬他, 我卻不同意他的建議。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
8. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句,第6章要展開(kāi)講
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B 與其A ,不如B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,猶如油之于機(jī)器。(類(lèi)比的修辭手法)
9. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as, as if, how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
注意: because 不可以和 so 一起聯(lián)用, though (although) 不可以和 but 一起聯(lián)用。